Stress is an inevitable part of life, yet its complexity makes it one of the most misunderstood aspects of mental and physical health. At its core, stress is the body’s natural response to pressure or challenge, which can arise from various situations, including work demands, relationship issues, financial strain, or health concerns. While stress itself isn’t inherently harmful – in fact, it can motivate us to act in certain situations – psychological stress can have profound negative effects on our health.
Here, we look at the signs and symptoms of stress, and answer some common questions regarding the knock-on effects of psychological stress.
What is stress?
Stress occurs when the body perceives a threat or demand, and releases hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline. These hormones prepare the body for a “fight-or-flight” response, increasing heart rate, tightening muscles, and sharpening focus. This biological mechanism is useful for short-term challenges, but can become problematic if activated too frequently or for prolonged periods.
The NHS defines stress as the feeling of being overwhelmed or unable to cope with mental or emotional pressure. While occasional stress is a normal part of life, chronic stress can lead to serious health concerns, including anxiety, depression, and physical ailments like heart disease or gastrointestinal issues.
Psychological effects of stress
Psychological stress impacts people differently, but it commonly leads to issues like:
- Cognitive effects: Difficulty concentrating, poor decision-making, or memory problems.
- Emotional reactions: Feeling irritable, anxious, or overwhelmed.
- Behavioural changes: Avoidance of responsibilities, increased reliance on alcohol or drugs, or overeating.
Mind emphasises that stress can create a vicious cycle. For instance, stress about an impending work deadline might lead to sleepless nights, further impairing your ability to concentrate and increasing the feeling of being overwhelmed. Whilst stress itself is not considered a mental health problem, it is connected to our mental health in several ways.
Signs and symptoms of stress
Recognising stress early is crucial to mitigating its effects. Common symptoms include:
- Physical: Headaches, muscle tension, fatigue, and digestive issues.
- Emotional: Feeling tearful, irritable, or low.
- Behavioural: Restlessness, procrastination, or social withdrawal.
Additionally, long-term stress can lead to more severe health problems such as high blood pressure, weakened immune function, and increased risk of developing chronic illnesses.
Stress vs. other conditions
Stress is often mistaken for or confused with other health issues due to overlapping symptoms. For instance:
- Anxiety: While stress and anxiety are related, stress is typically tied to a specific trigger, whereas anxiety often involves persistent, excessive worry without a clear cause.
- Burnout: Chronic stress, especially in the workplace, can evolve into burnout, characterised by emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and reduced performance.
- Depression: Prolonged stress can sometimes lead to depression, though the two conditions are distinct. Depression often includes a pervasive feeling of hopelessness and disinterest in activities.
If you’re unsure whether you’re experiencing stress or another condition, please contact your GP.
Knock-on effects of stress
Stress doesn’t just impact your mental health – it can have several effects on the body.
- Cardiovascular system: Chronic stress can raise blood pressure, increasing the risk of heart attack or stroke.
- Digestive system: Stress may lead to stomach pain, diarrhoea, or ulcers due to disruptions in digestion.
- Immune system: High levels of cortisol can suppress the immune response, making you more susceptible to infections.
- Sleep: Stress can interfere with sleep patterns, contributing to insomnia or fatigue.
Common questions about stress
Can stress stop your period?
Yes – stress can interfere with the production of hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle. High levels of cortisol can suppress ovulation, leading to irregular or missed periods. This phenomenon is particularly common during periods of intense emotional or physical stress.
Can stress cause nosebleeds?
Indirectly, yes. Stress can lead to increased blood pressure, which can trigger nosebleeds. However, stress itself is not a direct cause of nosebleeds.
Can you get a rash from stress?
Yes. Stress can lead to or exacerbate skin conditions like hives, eczema, or psoriasis. When stressed, the body releases histamines, which may trigger rashes or worsen pre-existing skin conditions.
Can stress kill you?
Stress can be life-threatening if it becomes chronic and severe. While stress itself is not a direct cause of death, its physiological and psychological effects can significantly increase the risk of life-threatening conditions. For example, heart disease, sudden cardiac events, a weakened immune system, substance abuse, hormonal imbalances and sleep deprivation can all be linked to stress.
Managing and reducing stress
Both the NHS and Mind provide practical advice for managing stress:
- Exercise regularly: Physical activity helps reduce cortisol levels and releases endorphins, improving mood.
- Practice mindfulness: Techniques like meditation or deep breathing can help centre your thoughts and reduce stress.
- Seek support: Talking to a trusted friend, family member, or mental health professional can alleviate stress.
- Prioritise self-care: Ensuring adequate sleep, maintaining a healthy diet, and setting aside time for hobbies are crucial in managing stress.
Take care of your mind and body
Stress is a natural and sometimes unavoidable part of life, but it doesn’t have to dominate your well-being. By recognising the signs and symptoms early and taking proactive steps to manage stress, you can protect both your mental and physical health.
If you’re struggling with stress, don’t hesitate to reach out to your GP, or speak to a trusted friend, family member or colleague. Remember, seeking help is not a sign of weakness, but an essential step toward a healthier, happier life.
