Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a respiratory virus that has gained attention worldwide due to its ability to cause illness ranging from mild cold-like symptoms to severe respiratory distress. Here, we look at what hMPV is, how it spreads, its signs and symptoms, and available treatment options. We’ll also explore the state of hMPV cases in 2025, with a focus on the UK, and discuss how to protect yourself and your loved ones from infection.
What is Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV)?
hMPV is a virus that primarily affects the respiratory system. Discovered in 2001, it belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family, which includes other well-known respiratory viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). hMPV can infect people of all ages, but is particularly concerning for young children, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems.
The virus is often seasonal, with peaks in late winter and early spring, similar to other respiratory viruses such as influenza and RSV. In recent years, public health experts have observed an increase in hMPV cases, partly due to enhanced diagnostic capabilities and increased awareness.
How do you contract hMPV?
hMPV spreads primarily through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. You can also contract the virus by touching contaminated surfaces and then touching your face, particularly your eyes, nose, or mouth. Like the flu or the common cold, hMPV thrives in crowded settings such as schools, workplaces, and public transport.
Signs and symptoms
The symptoms of hMPV can range from mild to severe, depending on the person’s age and overall health. Common symptoms include:
- Fever
- Cough
- Nasal congestion
- Sore throat
- Shortness of breath
- Wheezing
- Fatigue
In severe cases, especially among vulnerable populations, hMPV can lead to bronchitis, pneumonia, or exacerbations of pre-existing respiratory conditions, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Treatment options
There is currently no specific antiviral treatment for hMPV. Management primarily involves supportive care, such as:
- Rest
- Hydration
- Over-the-counter medications to manage fever and congestion
For severe cases, especially in hospitalised patients, supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation may be required. The NHS advises people experiencing difficulty breathing or prolonged high fever to seek medical attention promptly.
hMPV in 2025: Global and UK perspectives
In 2025, hMPV has become a more recognised respiratory pathogen due to increased diagnostic efforts. Global cases have been on the rise, particularly in regions with colder climates where respiratory viruses tend to thrive.
In the UK, the NHS has reported a steady uptick in hMPV cases over the past two years, although it remains less prevalent than RSV or influenza. Most cases have been manageable at home, but hospitals have seen an increase in admissions among high-risk groups. Enhanced awareness and diagnostic tools have contributed to earlier detection and better management.
Preventing hMPV infection
The same measures used to prevent other respiratory illnesses apply to hMPV. Key recommendations include:
- Hand hygiene: Wash your hands frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.
- Avoid touching your face: This reduces the risk of transferring the virus from contaminated surfaces to your mucous membranes.
- Respiratory etiquette: Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or elbow when coughing or sneezing.
- Disinfection: Regularly clean and disinfect frequently touched objects and surfaces.
- Stay home if unwell: To prevent spreading the virus to others.
The NHS emphasises vaccination as a critical tool against respiratory infections. While no vaccine for hMPV is available yet, researchers are actively working on one, and annual flu vaccines remain vital for preventing co-infections.
Could hMPV become another pandemic?
The likelihood of hMPV evolving into a pandemic is low. Unlike SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, hMPV has been circulating for decades and has a relatively stable mutation rate. Additionally, most cases are mild, and severe cases are typically confined to high-risk populations.
Public health experts stress that continued surveillance and research are essential to monitor any changes in the virus’s behaviour, but the current consensus is that hMPV poses a manageable public health challenge rather than a global crisis.
Comparing hMPV to other respiratory illnesses
Given that there are a lot of similar symptoms, it helps to compare it to other respiratory viruses:
- hMPV vs. RSV: Both viruses belong to the same family and cause similar symptoms. However, RSV is more likely to cause severe disease in infants and the elderly.
- hMPV vs. Influenza: Influenza (the flu) typically causes more systemic symptoms, such as body aches and fatigue, and has a higher risk of seasonal outbreaks.
- hMPV vs. COVID-19: While both can cause severe respiratory illness, COVID-19 is more transmissible and has a broader range of complications, particularly in previously healthy people.
What to do if you suspect hMPV
If you or a loved one develop symptoms consistent with hMPV, follow these steps:
- Monitor symptoms: Most cases resolve with rest and hydration. Keep an eye on any signs of worsening, such as difficulty breathing.
- Seek medical advice: Contact your GP or call NHS 111 if symptoms persist or worsen.
- Avoid spreading the virus: Stay home until symptoms improve, and wear a mask if you need to be around others.
Be aware of respiratory symptoms
hMPV is an important respiratory virus that warrants attention, particularly for vulnerable populations. While it’s unlikely to become a pandemic, its presence in 2025 emphasises the need for vigilance, good hygiene practices, and continued research. By staying informed and taking preventive measures, we can minimise the impact of hMPV on people and the NHS, and protect those most at risk. For the latest NHS advice and updates, visit NHS.uk or speak to your GP.
