World Diabetes Day 2024

Every year on 14^th November, people around the world come together to observe World Diabetes Day, a day dedicated to raising awareness about diabetes, its impact, and how we can better manage and prevent this chronic condition.

Diabetes is a global health issue, affecting millions of people worldwide, and in the UK, it is estimated that over 4.9 million people are living with the condition. This number continues to rise, making it even more important to understand the different types of diabetes, their symptoms, and how to prevent and manage the condition.

What is diabetes?

Diabetes is a condition that occurs when the body is unable to properly process and regulate glucose (a type of sugar) in the bloodstream. This happens either because the body is not producing enough insulin (a hormone that helps regulate glucose), or because the cells in the body are not responding properly to insulin.

There are three main types of diabetes:

1. Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. People with Type 1 diabetes are dependent on insulin injections or an insulin pump for the rest of their lives.

• Risk factors: Type 1 diabetes is most commonly diagnosed in children and young adults, though it can develop at any age. The exact cause is still not fully understood, but genetic factors and an autoimmune response play a significant role.

2. Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body either becomes resistant to insulin, or when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin. This is the most common form of diabetes and is closely linked to lifestyle factors such as diet, physical activity, and weight.

• Risk factors: Family history, being overweight or obese, a sedentary lifestyle, and poor diet are key risk factors. It tends to develop more commonly in middle-aged and older adults, though it is increasingly being diagnosed in younger people due to rising obesity rates.

3. Gestational Diabetes

Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that develops during pregnancy. While it usually disappears after childbirth, women who experience gestational diabetes are at higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life.

• Risk factors: Being overweight, over the age of 25, having a family history of diabetes, or having had gestational diabetes in a previous pregnancy, increases the likelihood of developing gestational diabetes.

4. Other forms of diabetes

There are also less common types of diabetes, such as monogenic diabetes and diabetes linked to specific genetic mutations, as well as diabetes that may result from other health conditions, including hormonal disorders and certain medications.

Signs and symptoms of diabetes

While the symptoms of diabetes can vary depending on the type, the most common signs include:

• Increased thirst and frequent urination
• Extreme hunger or unexplained weight loss
• Fatigue or tiredness
• Blurred vision
• Slow-healing sores or frequent infections
• Tingling or numbness in hands or feet (more common in Type 2 diabetes)

In Type 1 diabetes, symptoms can develop quickly and may include nausea and vomiting. In Type 2 diabetes, symptoms often develop gradually, and some people may not notice them until the condition has caused more significant damage.

How diabetes is managed and monitored

Managing diabetes is crucial to prevent complications, which can include heart disease, kidney failure, nerve damage, and vision loss. Treatment and management depend on the type of diabetes and may include:

1. Type 1 diabetes management

• Insulin therapy: People with Type 1 diabetes must take insulin every day. This can be done via injections or an insulin pump.
• Monitoring blood glucose levels: Regular blood glucose testing is essential to ensure levels stay within a safe range.
• Dietary management: A balanced diet, rich in whole grains, vegetables, lean proteins, and healthy fats, can help regulate blood sugar levels.
• Exercise: Regular physical activity helps the body use insulin more effectively and maintain a healthy weight.

2. Type 2 diabetes management

• Lifestyle changes: For some, lifestyle changes such as losing weight, eating a balanced diet, and increasing physical activity can be enough to manage blood glucose levels.
• Medications: If lifestyle changes are not sufficient, oral medications or insulin therapy may be required.
• Blood glucose monitoring: Regular monitoring allows you to see how food, exercise, and medications affect your blood sugar.

UK diabetes statistics

In the UK, the NHS reports that:

• Over 4.9 million people are living with diabetes, and this number is expected to increase to 5.5 million by 2030.
• Of those living with diabetes, around 90% have Type 2 diabetes.
• It is estimated that nearly 1 in 10 people over the age of 40 in the UK has Type 2 diabetes, and that around 13 million people are at increased risk due to being overweight or obese.

These figures highlight the growing need for greater awareness, prevention, and effective management of diabetes.

World Diabetes Day: Spreading awareness

World Diabetes Day is an important opportunity to raise awareness and reduce the stigma associated with diabetes. Here’s how you can help spread awareness and support those living with the condition:

• Educate yourself and others: Learn more about the different types of diabetes, their symptoms, and how they are managed. Share this knowledge with family, friends, and colleagues to break down misconceptions and encourage early diagnosis.
• Promote healthy lifestyles: Support people in making healthier choices, such as eating a balanced diet and staying active. Consider hosting or joining local events such as walks, runs, or fitness challenges to raise funds for diabetes research.
• Encourage regular health check-ups: Encourage family members and friends, especially those at higher risk, to have their blood sugar levels checked regularly. Early detection can prevent complications and help manage the condition effectively.
• Support charities: Many organisations, including Diabetes UK, are dedicated to providing support, raising awareness, and funding research. Consider donating or volunteering.

Can you prevent diabetes?

While Type 1 diabetes cannot be prevented, there are steps you can take to reduce your risk of developing Type 2 diabetes:

• Maintain a healthy weight: Being overweight is the leading risk factor for Type 2 diabetes. Even a small amount of weight loss (5-10% of body weight) can significantly reduce the risk.
• Eat a balanced diet: Focus on whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and healthy fats while limiting processed foods, sugary drinks, and refined carbohydrates.
• Get active: Aim for at least 2-3 hours of moderate-intensity exercise each week, such as walking, cycling, or swimming.
• Quit smoking: Smoking increases the risk of Type 2 diabetes and can also contribute to complications in people who already have diabetes.

Diabetes awareness

World Diabetes Day is a chance to reflect on how diabetes affects millions of lives and what we can do to prevent and manage the condition. With early diagnosis, lifestyle changes, and proper treatment, people with diabetes can live healthy, fulfilling lives. By spreading awareness, supporting those affected, and making healthier lifestyle choices, we can collectively reduce the impact of diabetes and create a more informed, understanding society.