Lyme disease, a bacterial infection transmitted through the bite of infected ticks, is one of the most common vector-borne diseases in the UK. Although most cases are mild and treatable with antibiotics, if left untreated, it can lead to serious health complications. Understanding the signs and symptoms of Lyme disease, as well as knowing how to protect yourself from tick bites, is crucial.
What is Lyme disease?
Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, which is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected tick. Ticks are small arachnids that often reside in grassy or wooded areas. When a tick bites a person, it may pass on the bacteria, leading to infection. Lyme disease is not contagious and cannot be spread from person to person, but a single tick bite is enough to transmit the infection.
How common is it in the UK?
Lyme disease is increasingly recognised as a significant public health concern in the UK. According to the NHS, it is estimated that there are around 2,000 to 3,000 cases reported annually in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. While this figure has remained relatively stable over the years, the disease has gained more attention due to heightened awareness and improved diagnostics. Historically, cases have been underreported, meaning the true number could be higher.
Over the last few decades, Lyme disease cases have become more frequently diagnosed in areas where ticks are prevalent, such as the South of England, the Midlands, and parts of Scotland. Ticks thrive in areas with dense vegetation, and environmental factors, such as climate change, have made these habitats more widespread, increasing the risk of tick bites.
Signs and symptoms of Lyme disease
The NHS outlines several common signs and symptoms, which typically appear within three to 30 days after a tick bite. However, not all people develop noticeable symptoms right away, which can complicate early diagnosis.
Early symptoms (Stage 1)
In the early stages, people often experience flu-like symptoms, including:
- Fever
- Headache
- Fatigue
- Muscle and joint aches
- Swollen lymph nodes
One of the most distinctive early signs is the bull’s-eye rash, known as erythema migrans (EM). This circular red rash appears in approximately 70-80% of cases. It usually develops at the site of the tick bite and expands over time, forming a ring with a clearer centre, resembling a bull’s-eye. However, not everyone will develop this rash, which can make the condition harder to identify.
Later symptoms (Stage 2 and 3)
If untreated, Lyme disease can progress to more severe symptoms:
- Neurological problems: These can include facial palsy (drooping of one side of the face), meningitis (inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord), or numbness in the limbs
- Heart problems: Some people may experience Lyme-related heart issues, such as irregular heart rhythms (Lyme carditis)
- Arthritis: Joint pain and swelling, particularly in the knees, may develop in the later stages
- Chronic symptoms: In some cases, people may experience lingering symptoms such as chronic fatigue, muscle pain, and difficulty concentrating, even after treatment
How is Lyme disease contracted?
Lyme disease is transmitted by ticks, which are commonly found in grassy, bushy, and wooded areas. While tick bites are most frequent in rural settings, they can also occur in parks or gardens. Ticks are most active during the spring and summer months, but they can still be a risk during autumn and even winter in milder climates.
Not every tick carries the Lyme disease bacterium, and most bites do not result in infection. However, the risk is higher if the tick remains attached to the skin for 24 to 48 hours, as it takes time for the bacteria to be transferred. Removing a tick quickly and safely is key to preventing infection.
Complications of Lyme disease
When it is diagnosed early and treated with antibiotics, it is highly treatable. However, if left untreated, Lyme disease can cause serious complications that may last months or even years. Chronic Lyme disease can result in long-term neurological or musculoskeletal problems. People may experience issues such as joint pain, memory problems, heart irregularities, or debilitating fatigue. In some rare cases, people can develop post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS), where symptoms persist even after the completion of antibiotic therapy.
Spotting Lyme disease early
The key to preventing severe complications is early detection. If you’ve been bitten by a tick or have recently spent time in an area where ticks are prevalent, ensure you look out for any signs or symptoms of the disease.
The first step is to monitor for any unusual rashes or flu-like symptoms. Even if you don’t develop a bull’s-eye rash, persistent headaches, fatigue, or joint pain following a tick bite could be a key indicator.
Seeking medical advice
If you suspect you may have Lyme disease, it’s crucial to visit your GP as soon as possible. In some cases, your GP may refer you to a specialist for further evaluation or testing, especially if you live in a high-risk area or have ongoing symptoms. Blood tests may be required to confirm the diagnosis, but your results may take time, and diagnosis is often based on a combination of factors, including clinical symptoms and history of tick exposure.
Preventing Lyme disease
To reduce your risk, the NHS suggests several preventive measures:
- Wear long sleeves, trousers, and closed shoes when walking in wooded or grassy areas
- Use insect repellent containing DEET on exposed skin
- Perform regular tick checks after spending time outdoors, particularly in areas where ticks are common
- Remove ticks promptly using fine-tipped tweezers, grasping the tick close to the skin, and pulling it out gently and steadily
Conclusion
Lyme disease is a growing health concern in the UK, with thousands of cases reported annually. While it can be serious if left untreated, prompt recognition of symptoms and early treatment can prevent complications.
Make an appointment with your Primary Care 24 GP practice if you suspect you may have Lyme disease, as early intervention is key to a full recovery.
