Summer in the UK often feels like a brief and welcome reprieve from grey skies and rain – but when temperatures soar unexpectedly, it can catch us off guard. While we’re quick to head to the park or the beach when the sun’s out, it’s vital to understand the risks that come with extreme heat – and one of the most dangerous is heatstroke.
Heatstroke, sometimes referred to as sunstroke, is a medical emergency. It can affect anyone, but it’s especially risky for babies, young children, older adults, and people with long-term health conditions. Here’s everything you need to know about identifying heatstroke, treating it, and – most importantly – avoiding it.
What causes heatstroke?
Heatstroke happens when your body overheats and can no longer regulate its internal temperature, usually after prolonged exposure to high temperatures or physical exertion in hot weather. According to the NHS, it’s often preceded by heat exhaustion, which, if left untreated, can escalate into heatstroke – a life-threatening condition.
The body normally cools itself by sweating. However, in extremely hot conditions or when dehydrated, your body’s cooling system can fail, leading to a dangerous rise in body temperature.
Common causes include:
- Spending too long in the sun or a hot environment
- Vigorous exercise in hot weather
- Wearing too much clothing
- Dehydration
- Alcohol consumption in the heat
How to identify heatstroke in adults
Recognising heatstroke early is key. Unlike heat exhaustion, which is less severe, heatstroke can quickly become critical if not treated. Symptoms of heatstroke in adults include:
- A body temperature of 40°C or higher
- Hot, dry skin (or sweating that suddenly stops)
- Confusion or disorientation
- Headache
- Nausea and vomiting
- Rapid breathing or shortness of breath
- Seizures
- Loss of consciousness
The NHS emphasises that if someone is showing signs of heatstroke, you must call 999 immediately. While waiting for help to arrive, begin first aid treatment.
Signs of heatstroke in babies and children
Babies and young children are more susceptible to heatstroke because their bodies can’t regulate temperature as effectively as adults. Look out for:
- Flushed, hot skin
- Lethargy or unusual sleepiness
- A fever (temperature above 39.5°C)
- Rapid breathing
- Refusal to drink or feed
- Irritability or restlessness
- Vomiting
If a child displays these symptoms, seek medical help immediately. Call 999 or 111 for urgent advice.
What to do if you suspect heatstroke
If someone shows signs of heatstroke, acting fast can save their life. Follow these steps while waiting for emergency services:
- Move them to a cool place – preferably indoors or in the shade.
- Lay them down and slightly raise their feet.
- Cool their skin – remove excess clothing and use cool water to dampen their skin or place cool packs under armpits and around the neck.
- Fan them – this helps to promote sweating and evaporation.
- Hydrate if conscious – give them water or a rehydration drink if they’re able to swallow.
Do not give them medication like aspirin or paracetamol – these won’t help and could be harmful in some cases.
How to prevent heatstroke
Heatstroke is largely preventable, and with the UK experiencing more frequent hot spells due to climate change, it’s worth taking precautions, especially during heatwaves. The NHS recommends:
- Stay out of the sun during peak hours (11am to 3pm).
- Drink plenty of fluids – water is best; avoid excessive alcohol or caffeine.
- Wear loose, light-coloured clothing to allow your body to cool more easily.
- Use sunscreen to avoid sunburn, which impairs your body’s ability to cool itself.
- Avoid strenuous exercise in high heat, especially in direct sunlight.
- Keep your home cool – use fans, close curtains during the day, and open windows at night.
- Never leave anyone (especially children or pets) in a parked car, even for a short time.
Final thoughts
Heatstroke is serious – but it’s also preventable. With proper awareness and quick action, you can protect yourself and others when temperatures rise. The key is to spot the signs early and take them seriously.
As climate patterns change, extreme heat in the UK is becoming more common, so make sure you’re ready. Whether you’re heading to the seaside or just lounging in your garden, remember that sun safety isn’t just about avoiding sunburn – it could save a life.
For more guidance, visit the NHS website.
Stay cool, stay safe.
