Bird flu, also known as avian influenza, is an infectious viral disease that primarily affects birds but can occasionally infect humans. It has drawn significant global attention due to its potential to cause severe illness and, in rare cases, death in humans. Here, we look at what avian flu is, how to identify it, how it spreads, and how to protect yourself and others from this potentially serious disease.
What is bird flu?
Avian flu is caused by strains of the influenza virus that naturally circulate among wild birds, particularly waterfowl such as ducks and geese. These viruses can also infect domestic poultry, such as chickens and turkeys. While most avian influenza viruses pose little risk to humans, certain subtypes, such as H5N1 and H7N9, have demonstrated the ability to jump species and infect people.
Avian influenza is classified into two categories based on its severity in birds: low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI), and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). The latter, including the H5N1 strain, is of particular concern, as it spreads rapidly among birds and can be deadly.
Where does bird flu come from?
Bird flu originates from wild birds, which often carry the virus without showing symptoms. The virus can spread to domestic birds through direct contact, contaminated water sources, or exposure to infected bird droppings or feathers. Live animal markets and industrial poultry farming are common hotspots for outbreaks, as they bring large numbers of birds into close contact, increasing the chances of virus transmission.
In recent years, the H5N1 strain has been responsible for most human infections, particularly in countries across Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. New variants occasionally emerge, requiring continuous monitoring.
How do people catch bird flu?
Human infections with bird flu are rare but can occur through direct or close contact with infected birds, their droppings, or contaminated environments. Common ways people catch bird flu include:
- Handling sick or dead birds: Farmers, poultry workers, and bird handlers are at higher risk.
- Consuming undercooked poultry products: Although rare, consuming raw or improperly cooked poultry or eggs from infected birds can pose a risk.
- Exposure to contaminated surfaces: Touching surfaces contaminated with the virus, such as equipment, cages, or clothing, can lead to infection.
Human-to-human transmission is extremely rare and typically requires close and prolonged contact. However, experts remain concerned about the possibility of the virus mutating to spread more easily between humans.
Main signs and symptoms of bird flu
According to NHS guidelines, the symptoms of avian flu in humans can range from mild to severe and often resemble regular flu. Common symptoms include:
- Fever (usually above 38°C)
- Cough
- Sore throat
- Muscle aches
- Fatigue
- Headaches
In severe cases, bird flu can lead to complications such as:
- Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
- Pneumonia
- Multi-organ failure
These symptoms typically develop within 2 to 8 days after exposure. If you experience these symptoms and have been in contact with birds or areas known for outbreaks, seek medical attention immediately.
How can we avoid bird flu?
Preventing bird flu involves minimising exposure to infected birds and maintaining good hygiene. Here are some key steps:
- Avoid contact with birds in outbreak areas: Refrain from visiting live animal markets or farms where outbreaks are reported.
- Cook poultry thoroughly: Ensure all poultry and eggs are cooked to an internal temperature of at least 75°C.
- Practice good hygiene:
- Wash your hands frequently with soap and water.
- Avoid touching your face after handling birds or contaminated surfaces.
- Protective measures for workers:
- Wear protective clothing, gloves, and masks when working with birds.
- Disinfect equipment and workspaces regularly.
- Monitor travel warnings: Follow public health advisories for regions with active bird flu outbreaks.
How is bird flu treated?
Treatment for avian flu often involves antiviral medications such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) or zanamivir (Relenza). These drugs are most effective when taken within 48 hours of symptoms appearing. In severe cases, hospitalisation may be required to provide respiratory support and manage complications.
The NHS advises anyone exposed to bird flu to seek prompt medical advice, even if symptoms are not immediately apparent. Early intervention can reduce the severity of the disease and improve outcomes.
Recent reports of bird flu in the news
In recent months, there have been sporadic cases of bird flu reported globally. For instance:
- In late 2024, the UK confirmed cases of H5N1 in poultry workers, prompting enhanced surveillance and biosecurity measures.
- Cambodia reported a human H5N1 case in a young girl, raising concerns about the virus’s persistence in Southeast Asia.
- In the US, isolated detections of avian influenza in wild birds have led to warnings for hunters and bird enthusiasts.
These reports emphasise the importance of remaining vigilant, especially for those working in high-risk environments.
Stay vigilant
Bird flu remains a public health concern, particularly in regions with widespread poultry farming and live bird markets. While human cases are rare, they can be severe and require immediate medical attention. By staying informed, practicing good hygiene, and following public health guidelines, we can minimise the risk of infection and contribute to controlling the spread of this virus.
