Cervical cancer is a condition that has touched many lives, yet awareness around it remains a vital public health focus. Here, we look at what cervical cancer is, the importance of early detection through smear tests, and how treatment and survival rates have improved over time.
What is cervical cancer?
Cervical cancer arises from the cells in the cervix – the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. Most cases are linked to persistent infection with high-risk types of the human papillomavirus (HPV), a common virus transmitted through sexual contact. While HPV is often cleared naturally by the immune system, certain strains can lead to abnormal cell changes that may develop into cancer if they aren’t treated.
UK cervical cancer statistics
In the UK, cervical cancer is relatively uncommon, ranking 14th among cancers affecting women. According to Cancer Research UK, approximately 3,200 women are diagnosed each year, equating to about 9 new cases every day. The disease is most commonly diagnosed in women aged 30 – 34, though it can affect women of all ages.
One encouraging statistic is that survival rates have significantly improved, with around 51% of women surviving 10 years or more after diagnosis. This progress is largely due to advancements in treatment, earlier detection through cervical screening, and public health campaigns.
Signs and symptoms of cervical cancer
Cervical cancer often shows no symptoms in its early stages, which makes regular smear tests crucial. However, symptoms may include:
- Unusual vaginal bleeding (e.g., after intercourse, between periods, or after menopause).
- Pain during sexual intercourse.
- Unusual vaginal discharge.
- Lower back or pelvic pain.
It’s important to note that these symptoms can also be associated with other conditions, so contacting your GP as soon as you notice any unusual symptoms is essential for accurate diagnosis.
Treatment options
Treatment for cervical cancer depends on the stage and may include:
- Surgery: Removal of the cervix, uterus, or affected areas.
- Radiotherapy: High-energy X-rays to destroy cancer cells.
- Chemotherapy: Medication to kill cancer cells or prevent their growth.
- Targeted therapy: Drugs targeting specific cancer cell changes.
Advances in treatment have improved outcomes significantly. For early-stage cervical cancer, survival rates can exceed 90%.
The importance of smear tests
Smear tests (or cervical screening) play a pivotal role in preventing cervical cancer. The NHS cervical screening program invites women aged 25 – 64 to attend regular smear tests. These tests detect abnormal cell changes that could lead to cancer, which enables early intervention.
Women are typically invited every three years between ages 25 and 49, and every five years from 50 to 64. The NHS emphasises that regular attendance can reduce the risk of developing cervical cancer by up to 75%.
Public awareness campaigns
The tragic story of Jade Goody, a reality TV star who died of cervical cancer at just 27 years old, brought much-needed attention to the disease in 2009. Her public battle sparked a significant increase in smear test attendance, particularly among younger women.
Events like Cervical Cancer Awareness Week, held annually in January, continue to highlight the importance of regular screening and HPV vaccination. The campaign aims to reduce stigma, educate about symptoms, and encourage women to prioritise their health.
What women should look out for
Women should stay vigilant about any changes in their bodies, particularly:
- Changes in menstrual patterns.
- Persistent pelvic or back pain.
- Bleeding after sex.
If you experience these symptoms, please speak to your GP as soon as possible.
Improvements in treatment and outcomes
The outlook for cervical cancer has improved considerably over the decades. The introduction of the HPV vaccine in 2008 for girls aged 12–13 has been a game-changer, drastically reducing the prevalence of high-risk HPV types. Research suggests the vaccine could lead to the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health issue in the future.
Plus, innovations in treatment, such as precision radiotherapy and minimally invasive surgery, have enhanced both survival rates and quality of life for survivors.
The importance of awareness
Cervical cancer is preventable and treatable when detected early. Public health initiatives, alongside personal vigilance, can save lives. By prioritising regular cervical screening, being aware of symptoms, and supporting awareness campaigns, women can reduce their risk and improve outcomes.
If you’re due for a smear test or experiencing symptoms, don’t delay – book an appointment with your GP. Remember, early action can make all the difference.
