Sepsis, often referred to as blood poisoning, is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body’s response to infection causes injury to its tissues and organs. According to NHS guidelines, it is crucial to recognise the signs and symptoms of sepsis early and seek immediate medical attention.
In this blog, we cover how sepsis develops, its symptoms, the NHS sepsis pathway, and specific advice for both patients and healthcare professionals.
What is sepsis?
Sepsis is a severe response to an infection that can lead to systemic inflammation, tissue damage, organ failure, and even death. It can be triggered by infections in various parts of the body, including the lungs, urinary tract, abdomen, and skin. The condition is particularly dangerous because it can progress rapidly, necessitating swift medical intervention.
Signs and symptoms of sepsis
The symptoms of sepsis can be varied and sometimes subtle, but common blood infection symptoms include:
- Fever, chills, and shivering
- Rapid heartbeat (tachycardia)
- Rapid breathing (tachypnoea)
- Confusion or disorientation
- Extreme pain or discomfort
- Clammy or sweaty skin
- Low blood pressure
In severe cases, sepsis can lead to septic shock, characterised by a significant drop in blood pressure that can cause severe organ dysfunction.
How do people contract sepsis?
Sepsis is typically contracted through the entry of bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites into the bloodstream from an infection site. Common scenarios include:
- Lung infections (pneumonia)
- Urinary tract infections
- Abdominal infections
- Skin infections (cellulitis)
- Post-surgical infections
Certain groups are at higher risk of developing sepsis, such as the very young, the elderly, those with weakened immune systems, and individuals with chronic conditions like diabetes.
What to do if you suspect sepsis
If you or someone else is exhibiting symptoms of sepsis, it is vital to seek medical attention immediately. The NHS recommends that individuals with suspected sepsis should go to the nearest emergency department or call emergency services if the condition seems severe. Early detection and treatment are crucial in improving outcomes.
NHS sepsis pathway
The NHS sepsis pathway is a structured approach designed to ensure timely identification and treatment of sepsis. It includes:
- Screening and identification: Healthcare professionals use sepsis markers to identify patients at risk. These markers include high heart rate, high respiratory rate, low blood pressure, altered mental state, and laboratory tests indicating infection.
- Immediate treatment: This involves the administration of antibiotics, intravenous fluids, and oxygen. Blood cultures are taken before antibiotic administration to identify the causative agent.
- Monitoring and support: Continuous monitoring of vital signs and organ function is essential. Patients may need additional support, such as mechanical ventilation or dialysis, depending on the severity of their condition.
- Review and adjustment: Treatment plans are reviewed regularly, and adjustments are made based on the patient’s response.
Advice for patients
- Be informed: Understand the symptoms of sepsis and know that it is a medical emergency.
- Act quickly: Do not hesitate to seek medical help if you suspect sepsis. Early intervention is key to survival.
- Communicate clearly: When visiting a healthcare provider, clearly describe your symptoms and mention any recent infections or medical procedures.
Advice for healthcare workers
- Stay vigilant: Always consider sepsis in patients presenting with infection symptoms, especially those at higher risk.
- Follow protocols: Adhere to the NHS sepsis guidelines and pathways rigorously to ensure timely diagnosis and treatment.
- Educate patients and families: Inform patients and their families about the signs of sepsis and the importance of early treatment.
- Monitor regularly: Keep a close watch on vital signs and laboratory results that could indicate the progression of sepsis.
- Communicate and collaborate: Work closely with other healthcare professionals to provide comprehensive care to sepsis patients, and to educate your peers on the signs and symptoms.
Conclusion
Sepsis is a serious condition that requires immediate medical attention. By understanding the signs and symptoms, following the NHS sepsis pathway, and being proactive in seeking and providing care, both patients and healthcare workers can play a crucial role in improving outcomes for those affected by sepsis.
Remember, early detection and treatment are the best defences against this potentially fatal condition.
